2016 (№1   №2   №3   №4   №5   №6)

№1

Hołyński R.B.

FALLACIES AND FALSE PREMISES: A PLEA AGAINST THE DISSOCIATION OF TAXONOMY FROM BIOLOGY

The virtual extinction of the doctrinally phenetic school in biological systematics has left two principal competitors on the battlefield: adherents of the synthetic («evolutionary») approach argue for classifications based on all available (reconstructed pattern of evolutionary development as well as its observed genetic/phenetic results) evidence, whereas according to the advocates of cladistic («phylogenetic») principles taxonomy should exactly mirror the phylogenetic branching pattern, with no regard to anything else. The debate, often vehement and harsh, lasts already for half a century, but mostly without mutual understanding: the concrete biological arguments posed by synthetists are typically being left unaddressed by cladists who, instead, respond with some preconceived philosophical concepts or formally technical divagations. This paper is an attempt to turn the discussion back to biology by replying specifically, one by one, to the points raised in some recent, very typical of cladists’ attitude, papers by Zachos (2011, 2014) and Schmidt-Lebuhn (2012, 2014), and evaluating their claims in light of observable or deducible biological facts.

Dubyna D.V., Dziuba T.P., Iemelianova S.М., Davydov D.A.

CONTEMPORARY STATE AND ACTUAL TASKS OF PROTECTION OF PIONEER VEGETATION IN UKRAINE

A short characterization of habitat peculiarities of pioneer vegetation in Ukraine is presented. Uniqueness and exclusive importance of this vegetation is emphasized. It is noted that due to growing under ecological extreme conditions, the pioneer vegetation is extraordinary sensitive to the abiotic factor changes. A high rarity degree of the syntaxa (all associations of the classes Cakiletea maritimae and Crithmo­Staticetea as well as majority of Festucetea vaginatae belong to the first protection category) was established. Threat factors for the pioneer vegetation biodiversity were defined. Of them, hydrotechnical construction, expansion of selitebic areas, excessive development of recreational infrastructure and uncontrolled tourism, functioning of large port industrial aglomerations and pasqual load are the principal factors. Representativity of the pioneer vegetation in the objects of Nature Conservation Fund of Ukraine is regarded as insufficient. The main tasks for its protection are formulated.

Didukh Ya.P., Romashchenko K.Y. Futorna O.A.

STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENUS STIPA AND FORMATION OF STEPPES

The use of modern methods of molecular phylogeny has allowed to establish the boundaries of the genus Stipa L. and its relationships at the genetic level. It was found that species of Stipa are of Eurasian origin. Using methods of molecular clock and genome cloning, the time of origin of different phylogenetic groups in Stipa was estimated and consequences of ancient intergeneric hybridization were identified. The main points of formation of steppes from paleosavannas (in the Neogene), tundra­steppe (in the Pleistocene) to the steppes of the Holocene were specified. The issues on coevolution of Stipeae and zoocomplexes due to changes in environmental conditions are considered. It is concluded that for protection of the steppe it is necessary to introduce a moderate level of sheep grazing.

Fedoronchuk M.M.

SYSTEM OF THE FAMILY СARYOPHYLLACEAE IN THE UKRAINIAN FLORA. 2. SUBFAMILY СARYOPHYLLOIDEAE

A review of the system of Сaryophyllaceae of the Ukrainian flora is finalized. An updated system of the subfamily Сaryophylloideae is presented. The systems of the first three subfamilies were published earlier. The subfamily Caryophylloideae is a well outlined taxon divided into two separate groups (tribes): Sileneae DC. (= Lychnideae A. Braun) and Caryophylleae (= Diantheae A. Braun); however, some generic borders are still unclear and in some cases difficult to distinguish. The subfamily Caryophylloideae is very diverse by characters of sprout renewal, root system, vegetative reproduction, inflorescence type, flower structure, etc. which is evidence of its evolutionary advance. In the tribe Silenеae, the monotypic genus Drypis L. (D. spinosa L.) (Balkan Mts) and the genus Cucubalus L. (C. bacifer L.) are the most specialized, with original fruits and stems. In the tribe Caryophylleae, the least advanced is the genus Gypsophila L., which in some primitive characters is very close to Acanthophyllum C.A. Mey., Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb., Phryna (Boiss.) Pax ex K. Hoffm. and other low-specialized genera, not recorded in Ukraine. A summary of the system of the subfamily Caryophylloideae of the family Сaryophyllaceae in the flora of Ukraine is provided. The type and nomenclature citation for each supraspecific taxon and the main synonyms for species are presented. For genera and species, the Ukrainian names are given.

Peregrym M.M.

IS ORNITHOGALUM ARCUATUM (ASPARAGACEAE) PRESENT IN THE FLORA OF UKRAINE?

An affirmative answer to the question about the presence of Ornithogalum arcuatum Steven in Crimea is given based on the analysis of literature and herbarium materials. In addition, a new floristic find of this species in the Donetsk Ridge (Lugansk Region, Antratsyt District, near Krasna Polyana village) is reported. A need to protect the species and its localities in Ukraine, in particular to include O. arcuatum in the new edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine, is highlighted. The results are also important in the context of studying floristic relations between Crimea, the Caucasus and the Donetsk Ridge in different geological periods.

Litovynska A.V.

DISTRIBUTION OF SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION SPECIES OF LICHENS IN RIVNE TOWN

Distribution analysis of sensitive to air pollution epiphyte lichen-forming fungi in Rivne town is provided. In addition to previous lichen indication mapping data obtained in late 1980s and early 1990s, we report localities of sensitive to air pollution fruticose and foliose lichens in the northern part as well as some records from central, southern and eastern parts of the town. A number of lichen species that are sensitive to atmospheric pollution has tripled. Thus improvement of the state of atmospheric air in Rivne town during last 25 years is suggested.

Shershova N.V.

DISTRIBUTION OF SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION LICHENS IN SMALL TOWNS OF KIEV REGION

Occurrence of epiphytic lichen species sensitive to air pollution was studied in model small towns Irpin, Bucha and Boyarka of Kiev Region. For each town, distribution maps of the species with medium and high sensitivity to air pollution are provided. Description of the occurrence patterns of these lichens is presented. Occurrence of sensitive species is found to be higher in Irpin and Bucha. Besides, these towns have parklands which are remnants of the forests of natural origin and serve as refugia. The study shows that air quality and, consequently, environmental quality in towns Irpin and Bucha is generally higher than those in Boyarka.

Prydiuk M.P.

NEW AND RARE FOR UKRAINE SPECIES OF THE GENUS GALERINA, SUBGENUS TUBARIOPSIS (STROPHARIACEAE)

The information about some interesting records of representatives of the subgenus Tubariopsis Kühner ex Bas of the genus Galerina Earle in Ukraine is given. Among them there are species found in Ukraine for the first time as a result of our investigations (Galerina ampullaceocystis P.D. Orton, G. camerina (Fr.) Kühner, G. cinctula P.D. Orton, G. graminea (Velen.) Kühner and G. stordalii A.H. Sm.) and species recorded earlier (G. clavata (Velen.) Kühner and G. sideroides (Bull.) Kühner) for which new localities were registered. Descriptions, data about habitats and general distribution as well as original illustrations are provided for these species.

Fokshei S.І.

RARE SPECIES OF FUNGI IN THE OLD GROWTH AND VIRGIN FORESTS OF THE NATIONAL NATURE PARK HUTSULSHCHYN

Results of the inventory of mushrooms found in 2014 in old growth and virgin forests of National Nature Park Hutsulshchyna are provided. The observed areas belong to the State Enterprise Kutsky Forestry, namely Kutsky, Kosmatskе and Yablunivske forestries, included in the park without withdrawal. Within these areas, 157 species of were collected and identified. The data about new localities of 12 macromycetes listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine are presented. The first record of an endangered species, Gomphus clavatus, for the Ukrainian Carpathians is reported from National Nature Park Hutsulshchyna.

Heluta V.P., Hirylovich I.S.

FIRST RECORDS OF AN INVASIVE FUNGUS PODOSPHAERA AMELANCHIERIS (ERYSIPHALES) IN BELARUS AND UKRAINE

Information on the distribution of a new invasive powdery mildew, Podosphaera amelanchieris Maurizio, recorded on Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. and A. spicata (Lam.) K. Koch (Rosaceae) in Belarus and Ukraine is provided. The fungus was first found in 2000 in Belarus (Minsk), then in Sofiyivsky Park (Cherkasy Region, Ukraine), and later again in Belarus (Gomel and Minsk Regions) and in Ukraine, in Kharkiv, Kyiv and Volhynian Region. The Belarusian and Ukrainian specimens appeared to be identical, their morphological characteristics corresponded to the European samples of P. amelanchieris described by U. Braun and R. Cook. Chasmothecia of P. amelanchieris ex A. spicata and P. clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. parasitizing Crataegus sp. and Mespilus germanica L. were compared. It was found that the former fungus has longer appendages with more compact apices.

Akulov O.Yu., Hayova V.P.

IMMOTTHIA ATROGRANA (DACAMPIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA), A NEW FOR UKRAINE FUNGICOLOUS FUNGUS FROM THE CARPATHIANS

The paper reports first records of new for Ukraine genus and species of fungicolous fungi, Immotthia atrograna (Cooke & Ellis) M.E. Barr. All collections were made in old-growth forests within protected areas in the Ukrainian Carpathians during recent mycological surveys. The fungus was found to be associated with two xylariaceous species, Annulohypoxylon cohaerens (Pers.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh and A. multiforme (Fr.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.M. Hsieh. Diagnostic description, nomenclature data, geographical distribution and original illustrations for both sexual and asexual morphs of the reported species are provided. Morphologically similar fungicolous fungi are briefly reviewed and compared.

Kapets N.V.

NEW AND RARE TO UKRAINE LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI

A new to Ukraine species (Lichenothelia tenuissima Henssen) and five rare species (Marchandiomyces aurantiacus (Lasch) Diederich & Etayo, Monodictys epilepraria Kukwa & Diederich, Taeniolella punctata M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw., Sclerococcum sphaerale (Ach.) Fr., Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D. Hawksw.) of lichenicolous fungi are reported. Descriptions of the species Lichenothelia tenuissima and Taeniolella punctata as well as the localities, data on ecology and taxonomic notes for the above mentioned species are provided.

№2 (2016)

Dubyna D.V., Ustymenko P.M., Popovych S.Yu., Movchan Ya.I., Vakarenko L.P.

THE GREEN DATA BOOK OF UKRAINE: ONCE AGAIN ON THE ESSENCE OF INTERPRETATION

The authors highlight the role of phytocoenotic diversity protection in Ukraine as an integral part of the concept of sustainable development, of the national programs on biodiversity and therefore an obligatory component of the state ecological politics. It is emphasized that protection of plant communities is one of the principal issues of plant conservation. The Green Data Books are necessary tools for the conservation organization. In accordance with this approach, the Green Data Books have been produced for many regions of Eastern Europe. With respect to current Ukrainian legislation, a status of the Green Data Book is defined by many Laws of Ukraine. However, in recent scientific publications there are attempts to criticize or to replace it with the biotope (habitat) concept. The authors provide arguments for applying various approaches in biodiversity conservation.

Lysogor L.P., Bagrikova N.O., Krasova O.O.

ABANDONED LANDS AS PERSPECTIVE RECOVERY ELEMENTS OF ECONETWORK OF THE RIGHT-BANK STEPPE DNIPRO AREA

We propose to solve the problem of expanding the nature reserve areas in the Right-Bank Steppe Dnipro area by including abandoned lands as recovery elements of the ecological network. Within this region, the sites of recovering abandoned lands are characterized by significant cenotic diversity and presence of sozologically valuable species. The recovery of plant cover of abandoned lands occurs rapidly as a result of dispersal of seeds of steppe species from the adjacent protected areas or preserved steppe plots. In some cases, demutation processes can be accelerated by using the method of sowing rare species, melliferous and medicinal plants, as well as the establishment of insemination plots on abandoned lands for better distribution of seeds. The negative factors that affect the development of plant communities of abandoned lands are irregular grazing and burning, resulting in the formation of microcenosis with dominated Cirsium setosum, Onopordum acanthium, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Iva xanthiіfolia and Artemisia vulgaris. On the abandoned lands that approach complete process of re-establishment, the following communities of associations are formed: Stipetum (capillatae) festucosum (valesiacae), Koelerieta (cristatae) poosum (angustifoliae), and Festucetum (valesiacae) koeleriosum (cristatae).

Netsvetov M.V., Prokopuk Yu.S.

AGE AND RADIAL GROWTH OF AGE-OLD TREES OF QUERCUS ROBUR IN FEOFANIA PARK

Quercus robur is a long-lived oak species which supports high biodiversity in native and urban forests and contributes to environmental and economic benefits in cities. The oldest oak trees play a significant role in forest ecosystems since they provide relationships between a large number of organisms and specific conditions under the canopy. At the same time, the oldest trees are the most vulnerable and thus require special attention, particularly in urban areas where self-sustaining mechanisms in forest ecosystems are restricted. In this work we inspected the largest oaks in Feofania Park, a government designated park in Kiev. We sampled wood cores to determine the age and to obtain the age-to-diameter ratio. Among all sampled cores, the earliest annual ring is 220 years old. We have estimated the ring number of each partial core applying mean ring width pools. The age of studied trees is found to be between 156 and 270 years, while age-to-diameter ratio in the stand is 2.13 years per cm. The chronology statistics indicate that the series crossdating is of satisfactory quality and that master series contains discernible climatic signal. The obtained data also suggests that the largest hollow-stem oaks with no piths at the park are about 300 years old. The local historian and journalist assertion that the oldest among currently existing oaks in Feofania was planted by or at least at the time of Petro Mohyla sounds far-fetched. However, it seems to be plausible that the largest oak trees of the nearest Holosiivskyi Park grow since the first half of the 17^th century.

Fedoronchuk M.M., Mosyakin S.L.

THE GENUS MINUARTIA S. L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) IN THE FLORA OF EASTERN EUROPE: AN OVERVIEW OF NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN THE LIGHT OF NEW MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC DATA

The article provides an overview of recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes affecting the taxa of the genus Minuartia L. s. l. (Caryophyllaceae) occurring in Eastern Europe, following new molecular phylogenetic data. Identification keys and descriptions are presented for genera Minuartia s. str., its segregates Cherleria L., Pseudocherleria Dillenb. & Kadereit, and Sabulina Rchb., and their East European species. For taxa occurring in Ukraine, more detailed synonymy, data on nomenclatural types, distribution and habitats, and, when necessary, nomenclatural and taxonomic notes are given.

Shol G.N

THE ANALYSIS OF THE NATIVE AND ALIEN FRACTIONS OF THE KRYVYI RIH URBAN FLORA

Results of the research of two fractions of the Kryvyi Rih urban flora, native and alien, are given. The data of structural and comparative analyses demonstrate that determining for urban flora formation is the native fraction maintaining original and zoning characteristics. Under influence of the alien fraction, representatives of synanthropic flora take leading positions on the family level in taxonomic spectrum, namely those of Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae families. At the same time, there is a decline of the role of typical for regional flora families – Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, and Scrophulariaceae s. l. In addition, the alien fraction introduces to the city flora the instability element caused by a large number of therophytes. Besides, under its influence the tendencies of mesophytization and unification of the urban flora are revealed.

Kucher O.O.

SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE ALIEN FRACTION OF THE FLORA OF STAROBILSK GRASS-MEADOW STEPPE

The systematic structure of alien fraction of the flora of Starobilsk Grass-Meadow Steppe (Ukraine), which includes 377 species from 237 genera and 61 families, was analyzed. We observed a higher family rank for the Chenopodiaceae and lower ones for the families Fabaceae (5) and Rosaceae (11), comparatively with the natural flora; the floral proportion is 1 : 3.9 : 6.2; while generic coefficient is rather low, 1 : 1.59. A strictly identified spectrum of leading families was not found, a leading genus is Amaranthus. Comparison with other studied similar alien factions of the floras in various parts of Ukraine demonstarted some resemblance to the alien fraction of the flora of Romny-Poltava geobotanical district.

Shevchyk V.L., Nikitchuk O.V., Shevchyk T.V., Solomakha V.A.

A NEW RECORD OF CRATAEGUS UCRAINICA (ROSACEAE) IN THE ROS RIVER ESTUARY

Based on the results of field research, a new locality of Crataegus ucrainica A. Pojark. in the center of this species range, in the Middle Dnipro area, is reported. Cenotic and ecological features of a new habitat of this species at the confluence of the Dnipro and the Ros rivers near Kaniv town (Cherkasy Region) are presented. The studied locality of Crataegus ucrainica has confirmed significant ecological uniqueness and specificity of this species. Therefore, a comparative morphological analysis of existing herbarium collection for reliable identification of the species and further study of its geographic, ecological and coenotic features are needed. Protection measures for the new localities of this rare species included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are urgently needed.

Palamar-Mordvintseva G.M., Tsarenko P.M.

CHAROPHYTIC ALGAE: ISSUES OF EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY

Results of various approaches to study of phylogeny of charophytes and their probable phylogenetic affinity with some taxonomic groups of vascular plants are analyzed. The data on phylogenetic reconstruction of this group and some peculiarities of its phylogenesis and evolution are based on the results of molecular biological studies. The issues of forming multicellularity and gravitropism of charophytic algae as well as the significance of these processes for the origin of land plants are discussed. It is demonstrated the differences in perceptions regarding phylogenetic relationships of different representatives of Charophyta on molecular-genetic data with classical morphological and cytological characteristics as well as the ambiguity in dealing with issues on relationships within this group of plants. Information of modern ideas on the importance and Chatophyta place in establishing the kingdom of plants and their ancestral forms and relationships with other taxa are summarized. Results of paleontological research of charophytes are discussed and history of taxonomic groups of Charales is analyzed.

Leontyev D.V.

THE EVOLUTION OF SPOROPHORE IN RETICULARIACEAE (MYXOMYCETES)

Recent molecular studies have clarified the phylogenetic relations within the family Reticulariaceae (Myxomycetes, Myxogastrea), allowing to reconstruct the ways of the morphological evolution within the family. We conclude, that the general tendency of the sporophore evolution in Reticulariaceae was the transformation of the stalked forms to the sessile ones, followed by the development of the metameric sporophores, called pseudoaethalia and aethalia, from the separate sporocarps. The common ancestor of the family was similar to Alwisia lloydiae having stalked sporocarps and tubular capillitium. At least four evolutionary lineages originated form this ancestor: 1) Alwisia → Tubifera, 2) Alwisia → Rigidotubula (and probably Siphoptychium), 3) Alwisia → (Lycogala) → Thecotubifera, 4) Alwisia → Lycogala → Reticularia. In each of these branches, the processes like a loss of stalks, transition from spherical to elongated sporothecae, transformation of solitary sporocarps to grouped ones, a loss of capillitium and formation of pseudocapillitium, have occurred independently. Therefore, the type of the fruiting body, and presence of capillitium or pseudocapillitium, cannot be considered as sufficient criteria for separating myxomycete genera.

Shevchenko G.V., Kordyum E.L.

ORGANIZATION OF MICROFILAMENTS IN ROOTS OF WATER-TERRESTRIAL SIUM LATIFOLIUM (APIACEAE) AND ALISMA PLANTAGO-AQUATICA (ALISMATACEAE) PLANTS IN THE PROCESS OF AERENCHYMA FORMATION

The data on actin microfilament organization in roots of water-terrestrial plants Sium latifolium L. and Alisma plantago-aquatica L. are presented in the article. The main attention is paid to cells surrounding aerenchyma cavities in meristem and elongation zone of the roots. Some of these cells undergo degradation in the special way distinct from the same process in other plant species. Peculiarities of aerenchyma formation in roots of water-terrestrial S. latifolium and A. plantago-aquatica are noted. Regulation of actin microfilament activity is discussed as well as their involvement in the processes of growth and aerenchyma formation.

Kozeko L.Ye., Rakhmetov D.B.

VARIATION IN DYNAMICS OF THE HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS HSP70 SYNTHESIS IN MALVA SYLVESTRIS AND M. PULCHELLA (MALVACEAE) IN CONNECTION WITH TOLERANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE, FLOODING AND DROUGHT

Tolerance ranges and heat shock protein HSP70 synthesis pattern in Malva sylvestris L. ‘Krasavka’ and M. pulchella Bernh. ‘Sylva’ were analyzed under high temperature, soil flooding and drought. Juvenile plants of the species showed close tolerance ranges; at that, M. sylvestris was some more thermotolerant and more sensitive to flooding, comparatively to M. pulchella. Western-blot analysis revealed the identical spectrum and equal basic level of the cytosolic HSP70s in the related species, as well as similar stressor-specific pattern of their synthesis. High thermo- and drought tolerance of the species corresponded to their ability to long and intensive synthesis of the constitutive and inducible proteins, which increased at near lethal doses. The stress reaction to flooding included a rapid, but short activation of the inducible HSP70 synthesis and a decrease in the content of the constitutive protein for the first hours that could be protective under short waterlogging and associated with the inability of the species to long-term survival in such conditions. Species-specific differences related to the time course and magnitude of the HSP70 synthesis. The obtained results suggest that molecular mechanisms underlying the high tolerance in plants include the ability to extended and intensive synthesis of both inducible and constitutive HSP70s under long-term influence of an unfavorable factor.

№3 (2016)

Ilyinska A.P.

THE RANGE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF BRASSICACEAE S. L.: FRUIT AND SEEDS

The results of a comparative analysis of a range of 20 morphological characters of fruits and seeds for three closely related families, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae s. str., which according to molecular phylogenetic studies may be merged into Brassicaceae s. l., are provided. It is shown that all three families have a wide variety of morphological characters of fruits and seeds. The apomorphic structures of the seeds are rare. These include replum (which distinguishes fruits of Brassicaceae s. str. and Cleomaceae from those of Capparaceae), false septum (which is observed only in fruits of Brassicaceae s. str.) and possibly arcuate embryo (present in Cleomaceae and Capparaceae, lacking in Brassicaceae s. str.). Other structural features of fruits and seeds are plesiomorphic characters. It has been found that each family possesses a certain complex of the most common and very rare structural characters of fruits and seeds. For all three families, the complexes of such characters are given. The main historical trends in transformation of the structural elements of the generative and vegetative organs of the crucifers are discussed. It is assumed that the main evolutionary morphological trends of the studied modern families are caused by adaptation of the ancestral type of Brassicaceae s. l. to the constantly thermophilic (mainly tropics, Capparaceae), thermo-xerophilous (seasonally dry tropical and subtropical ecotopes, Cleomaceae) and cryo-xerophilic (various habitats of continental climate, Brassicaceae s. str.) environments. Adaptation of the ancestral type of Brassicaceae s. l. to seasonal climate habitats presumably caused transition from zoo- to anemochory and was likely a driving factor in promoting discontinuous nature of meristem function. Moreover, it resulted in reduction of various structural elements of the plants which ultimately led to formation of a separate family Brassicaceae s. str.

Saeidi Mehrvarz S., Moharami E.

ANATOMICAL STUDY ON SOME SPECIES OF GENUS CYPERUS IN NORTHERN IRAN

Comparative anatomy of six taxa of Cyperus distributed in the north of Iran was studied. The investigated species are: C. difformis, C. distachyos, C. fuscus, C. pygmaeus, C. odoratus subsp. transcaucasicus, and C. rotundus. Cross sections of stems and leaves of these species were examined. The following characters were determined to be taxonomically informative: cross-section shape of the aerial stem, presence or absence of vascular bundle in the central part of stem cross-sections, the diameter of mesophyll and air cavities in stem and leaf cross-sections. Cyperus fuscus and C. difformis differ from other studied species in having large air cavities in stem and leaf cross section. Our results show that comparative anatomy of lateral stems and leaves may provide additional characters to be considered in taxonomic studies within this genus.

Khomyak I.V.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS AGROSTIO-POPULETUM TREMULAE AND EPILOBIO-SALICETUM CAPREAE OF THE CLASS EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII OF THE RIGHT BANK POLISSYA

This publication presents the characteristics for the associations Agrostio-Populetum tremulae and Epilobio-Salicetum capreae of the class Epilobietea angustifolii. Their peculiarity is that they are intermediate between meadows and forests during autogenous succession. The intermediate status of plant communities is proved by high species diversity of the existing flora. There are also many species specific for communities of meadow and forest vegetation. They can be considered as bifurcation points of the vectors of plant communities dynamics. These are probably determining for the final forest type. Associations Agrostio-Populetum tremulae and Epilobio-Salicetum capreae are evenly extended within the Right Bank Polissya. Regional differences of the flora occur only at the level of some variations of the plant communities associations. Differentiation of plant associations is caused mainly by soil and microclimate conditions.

Boiko M.F., Ovsienko V.M., Skrebovska S.V.

MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES OF THE MOSS AULACOMNIUM ARENOPALUDOSUM

The ITS2 secondary structure of the moss Aulacomnium arenopaludosum Boiko (defined by sequential gathering of helixes H1-H4) was studied. The anatomical, morphological structure and molecular genetic structure of A. arenopaludosum was compared with those of other members of the genus Aulacomnium (A. androgynum, A. palustre, A. palustre subsp. imbricatum). Aulacomnium arenopaludosum as a separate species due to complex of anatomical, morphological, ecological and biological characteristics has many differences from the compared taxa of Aulacomnium. Molecular genetic data obtained as a result of reconstruction of ITS2 secondary structure of different species of Aulacomnium confirm that Aulacomnium arenopaludosum is a separate species. It differs from A. рalustre in the presence of 2 semi-compensatory changes and 4 indels in "stems" and loops; from A. palustre subsp. іmbricatum – in the presence of one semi-compensatory change and of 5 nucleotide changes in the "stems" and loops; from A. androgynum – in the presence of 3 compensatory changes, 4 semi-compensatory changes and 6 indels in "stems" and loops.

Darmostuk V.V.

THE GENUS CERCIDOSPORA (DOTHIDEALES) IN UKRAINE

The data about representatives of the genus Cercidospora in Ukraine, their descriptions, ecology and distribution in Ukraine are provided. This genus is characterized by greenish-blue to brown pseudothecia walls and hyaline ascospores. Two species of the genus are for the first time reported for Ukraine: Cercidospora lobothalliae, characterized by aseptate ascospores and growth on thallus of Lobothallia radiosa, and Cercidospora solearispora with 1-septate ascospores, upper cell much larger than the lower one, and growth on thallus of epilithic species of Aspicilia s. l. A key to the species of the genus Cercospora in Ukraine, including species which can be found in the country, is given.

Heluta V.P., Kovalchuk V.P., Chumak P.Ya.

FIRST RECORDS OF TELEOMORPH OF AN INVASIVE FUNGUS ERYSIPHE MACLEAYAE (ERYSIPHALES) IN UKRAINE

It is reported that in 2015 an invasive powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe macleayae (Erysiphales, Ascomycota), formerly known in Ukraine only in its anamorph stage, began to form mature fruiting bodies on Chelidonium majus and Macleaya microcarpa (Papaveraceae). Morphologically, they are almost identical to the chasmothecia of Slovak specimens. Ukrainian materials are also similar to E. macleayae samples described from China although having slightly larger chasmothecia and slightly smaller asci and ascospores. Teleomorph of the fungus was found in three localities in the city of Kiev and Kiev Region. Another species of Macleaya, M. cordata, was infected only by the anamorph of E. macleayae. The specimens studied are stored in the National Herbarium of M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KW). The authors assume that formation of fruiting bodies of E. macleayae may be caused by an extremely hot summer in 2015. Another possible explanation is that a new biotype of E. macleayae has migrated from South Asia into Ukraine and subsequently formed mature chasmothecia through the sexual process with the indigenous European populations of the fungus.

Khodosovtsev A.Ye., Darmostuk V.V., Gromakova A.B.

NEW FOR UKRAINE LICHEN-FORMING AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI FROM GORGANY NATURE RESERVE

Six new for Ukraine species of lichen-forming (Caloplaca borreri, Micarea viridiatra, Micarea viridileprosa, Porina guentheri, Schismatomma cretaceum, Xylographa vitiligo) and three species of lichenicolous fungi (Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae, Milospilum lacoizquetae, Psammina stipitata) from Gorgany Nature Reserve are reported. The materials were collected within the area of primeval spruce forests on bark of Acer pseudoplatanus, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Pinus cembra, as well as on sandstone outcrops, wood and different lichens. The descriptions, localities, ecological and distribution data for these species are provided.

Vedenicheva N.P., Kosakivska I.V.

ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS OF THE WATER FERN SALVINIA NATANS (SALVINIACEAE)

Endogenous cytokinins in organs of heterosporous annual hydrophyte fern Salvinia natans were studied for the first time. The main phytohormone isoforms were detected by HPLC: trans- and cis-zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeatin-O-glucoside, isopentenyladenosine and isopentenyladenine. The highest total active free cytokinins content was detected in floating fronds at the beginning of sporophyte development (stage of intensive growth). Conjugated form of zeatin appeared in organs at the reproductive stage of fern development, when the growth stopped. High cytokinins level was determined in sporocarps where intensive formation and maturation of spores took place. Changes in cytokinins spectrum and content in S. natans organs correspond to the fern development stages and indirectly indicate the phytohormone participation in growth and reproductive processes regulation. Cytokinins distribution between floating and submerged fronds gave evidence of functional non-equivalence of these organs and more significant role of floating fronds in phytohormone production.

Fediuk O.M., Polishсhuk O.V., Bilyavska N.O.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE INTENSITY OF RESPIRATION OF GALANTHUS NIVALIS (AMARYLLIDACEAE) LEAVES UNDER DIFFERENT VALUES OF LOW TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

The results of the evaluation of the quantitative characteristics of respiration in the leaves of Galanthus nivalis exposed to low temperatures and changing humidity are presented. Leaves at the stages of the growing season and during flowering were used. The intensity of oxygen uptake was determined by the polarographic method using the Clark electrode. It was established that the intensity of the total respiration (V_t) directly correlates with changes in humidity (correlation coefficient of 0.80) that might indicate a need of G. nivalis plants in the high level of relative humidity. The lower air temperatures caused the increase in the fraction of cyanide-resistant respiration in the total respiration. The revealed patterns are likely associated with the plant need in involving additional energy costs for activating their metabolic processes during adaptation to low temperatures.

Semenikhin A.V., Vodka M.V., Polishchuk O.V.

COFACTOR AND STRUCTURAL ROLE OF СО₂ IN CHLOROPLASTS

The rate of photochemical reactions in chloroplasts of higher plants depends on the presence of inorganic carbon (C_i) – carbon dioxide and/or anions of carbonic acid in the medium. This relationship is known as the «bicarbonate effect» studied at the level of the intact leaf, isolated thylakoids, photosystems and reaction centers (RC) and is associated with the presence in the photosystem II (PSII) of tightly bound НСО₃^–. The total amount of bound inorganic carbon is about 1 micromoles per mg of chlorophyll, but only one or two tightly bound to the RC molecules control PSII activity. The thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts also contain less tightly bound pool of bicarbonate (with a concentration close to the concentration of chlorophyll), which can be removed without significant consequences for the activity of PSII. The review summarizes data on the cofactor role of the tightly bound inorganic carbon, the removal of which completely inhibits the photochemical reactions in chloroplasts. It is assumed that weakly bound bicarbonate is involved in the proton transport and the regulation of phosphorylation. Interconversion of the C_i forms occurs in chloroplasts with participation of several carbonic anhydrases (CA). The suppression of their activity leads to a slowing of photochemical reactions and causes significant changes in the ultrastructural organization of the thylakoid membranes. These data indicate a structural role of C_i in the chloroplasts.

№4 (2016)

Zander R.H.

MACROSYSTEMATICS OF DIDYMODON SENSU LATO (POTTIACEAE, BRYOPHYTA) USING AN ANALYTIC KEY AND INFORMATION THEORY

Evolutionary trees (caulograms) and phylogenetic cladograms for both morphological and molecular analyses of certain species in the moss genus Didymodon (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) were compared. A new two-step macrosystematic (macroevolutionary systematics) method of calculating statistical support for both linear order and lineage direction of evolution is introduced. This involves clustering of taxa in sets by minimization of redundancy using cladograms and minimum parsimony, then building an often-branched linear model by maximization of information on gradual evolution by ordering species through adding informational bits for advanced traits and subtracting them for reversals. Cladistic analysis is considered to be similar to cryptographic code-breaking, with that code key then used for model-building following theory. Very high Bayesian support was computed for lineages in the morphological analyses, which stand up well to high support for past molecular studies. The caulogram allowed for predictions not possible with cladograms. The importance of using information on both shared and serial descent is discussed.

Barsukov O.O., Gapon Yu.V.

STATE AND TASKS OF THE RESEARCH ON URBAN BRYOPHYTES IN UKRAINE

General overview of the trends of bryophyte research in urban ecosystems is presented, as well as applied and theoretical aspects of floristic, environmental, bioindication studies and conservation issues of bryophytes in urban habitats. The paper contains a detailed analysis of history and the current state of urban bryologiсal research in Ukraine. Floristic and bioindication aspects are the most studied in our country. The bryofloras of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Poltava and some small cities is quite well investigated. However, the comparison, synthesis and interpretation of these data are complicated because of their fragmentation, different understanding of the urban ecosystem boundaries by researchers, and in some cases due to very old data and lack of regular observations. Therefore we have formulated the requirements of integrated standard approach for investigation of urban bryobionts which is planned to be implemented in further studies within Romny-Poltava Geobotanical District.

Orlov О.О., Bezsmertna О.О., Iakushenko D.M.

CHOROLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF RARE FERN SPECIES OF ROCKY BIOTOPES IN THE POLISSYA PART OF ZHYTOMYR REGION

Chorology of Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. scolopendrium, A. septentrionale, A. × alternifolium, Polypodium vulgare, and Woodsia ilvensis in Zhytomyr Polissya was analyzed in detail. The schematic maps of their distribution are provided. Woodsia alpina, Cystopteris montana, Polypodium interjectum, and Oreopteris limbosperma were erroneously reported for the study region. The main reasons of disappearance of the populations of Asplenium ruta-muraria and A. scolopendrium and decrease in population number of Woodsia ilvensis and Asplenium × alternifolium are high dams construction on the rivers Teteriv and Gnylopiat’, granite extraction, and recreation. It has been shown that only Asplenium septentrionale and Polypodium vulgare are protected in the region within the objects of natural reserve fund; conservation of Asplenium × alternifolium is not maintained. Woodsia ilvensis is an endangered species in the study region and in Ukraine. A general conclusion was made that conservation of populations of rock ferns is possible only on the basis of the biotope approach.

Jarova O.A.

FOREST VEGETATION OF BILOOZERSKY NATIONAL NATURE PARK

Results of studies of forest vegetation in Biloozersky NNP, which covers 92.4% of the Park area, are given. The classification of forest vegetation based on the dominant system is proposed. The forest vegetation is represented by communities of the formations Pineta sylvestris, Querceta roboris, Alneta glutinosae, Betuleta pendulae, and Populeta tremulae. The area is dominated by pine forest (about 70%), the areas of oak-pine and oak forests are significantly smaller. The most frequent are pine green-moss forests. Under similar environmental conditions but on more fertile soils, associations Pinetum (sylvestris) convallariosum (majalis) often occur. Considerable areas are also occupied by communities of association Quercetо (roboris)-Pineta sylvestris, which are formed on flat areas and at foots of the slopes. Communitites of the formation Quercetа roboris are small in area and associated with the second sandy terrace of the Dnipro River. In oak forest, fragments of the synusiae of spring ephemeroids, Scilla bifolia and Corydalis solida, as well as rare for this region boreal species, Pyrola minor and Chimaphila umbellata, are present. On old pine forest clearings, derivative groups of Populeta tremulae are formed. Communities of this formation occur sporadically throughout the Park on small areas. In waterlogged ecotopes on the floodplains of Bile Lake there are small areas of Alneta glutinosae.

Melnyk R.P., Sadova O.F., Moysiyenko I.I.

HABITATS OF BURKUTY RESERVE AREA OF OLESHKIVSKI PISKY NATIONAL NATURE PARK

Based on our own research and analysis of the data published by other researchers, a classification of habitats of Burkuty Reserve Area of Oleshkivski Pisky National Nature Park is given. This area is situated within Chalbaska arena of the Lower Dnieper sands and occupies 1240.2 ha (15.5% of the Park territory). Natural and semi-natural vegetation of Burkuty Reserve Area is represented by aquatic, coastal aquatic, meadow, steppe, shrub and forest communities. The article presents the classification of habitats on the investigated territory in accordance with the EUNIS classification scheme. Names of the habitats were adapted to the Ukrainian language. For each biotope vegetation characteristics are provided. Since EUNIS database does not contain a code and name of psammophyte habitat, where Salix rosmarinifolia is a dominant of vegetation cover, we propose to indicate those as follows: «F9.24a Psammophyte woodlands with stunted willow (Salix rosmarinifolia)». According to the Bern Convention, the following types of habitats of the Burkuty Reserve Area are under protection and are listed in the Resolution No. 4: E1.2; E1.9; G1.7.

Yarotska M.O., Yarotskiy V.Yu.

TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST VEGETATION IN THE VALLEY OF THE SІVERSKІY DONETS RIVER WITHIN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE

The Sіverskyi Donets River іs the largest river of the Left-Bank Ukraine. The distribution of forest vegetation in the valley within the Forest-Steppe zone has regular patterns which are represented on ecological and coenotic profiles. Forest communities of the Querceta roboris formation prevail in this region. These communities are confined to rich soils of the right bank and floodplain of the river valley. Forest communities of the Pineta sylvestris formation are the most characteristic for the sandy river terrace while Alneta glutinosae, Populeta tremulae, Saliceta albae are common for the floodplain. A gradual change of the oak forest associations is observed along the valley: typical associations of the Forest-Steppe zone are located on the southern border of the distribution range and associations common for the Steppe zone are located on the northern range border.

Darmostuk V.V., Naumovych A.O.

UNGUICULARIOPSIS (HELOTIACEAE, HELOTIALES), A NEW GENUS FOR THE MYCOBIOTA OF UKRAINE

The genus Unguiculariopsis is reported as new for Ukraine from the valley of the Ingulets River. The description, ecology, localities in Ukraine and distribution data for U. thallophila are provided. This lichenicolous fungus grows on thallus and apothecia of Protoparmeliopsis muralis and is characterized by sessile brown apothecia with hairs, bitunicate 8-spored asci, 0-septate ellipsoid ascospores and septate branched paraphyses.

Makarenko Ya.M.

ТHE FIRST RECORD OF AGARICUS IODOSMUS (AGARICACEAE) IN UKRAINE

Agaricus iodosmus is reported as a new species of agaric fungi for Ukraine. Previously, this species was also known as A. xanthodermus var. pilatianus and A. pilatianus, not recorded in Ukraine. The description of the species is given and its locality within the Left Bank Forest-Steppe is provided (Poltava Region, Shyshaky District, left bank of the Psel River, Yaresky village). Morphological characters of A. iodosmus and related species are discussed.

Tykhonenko Yu.Ya., Heluta V.P., Dudka I.O.

NEW RECORDS OF THE INVASIVE FUNGUS MELAMPSORIDIUM HIRATSUKANUM (PUCCINIALES) IN UKRAINE

In Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park (Chernivtsi Region, Ukraine), an invasive rust fungus Melampsoridium hiratsukanum was recorded on the new for Ukraine host plants, Alnus glutinosa and Alnus × pubescens, the natural hybrid of A. incana and A. glutinosa. In Europe M. hiratsukanum is currently known from Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, and Ukraine. At present, the distribution of M. hiratsukanum in Ukraine is confined to the Ukrainian Carpathians; however, it could not be excluded that in future it may spread into the lowland part of the country. A list of all localities in which M. hiratsukanum was recorded in Ukraine is presented. The article is illustrated by micrographs obtained by scanning electron microscopy.

Klymyshyn O.S., Sytschak N.M.

TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE COLLECTION FUNDS IN THE MAJOR HERBARIA OF LVIV

A complete inventory of herbarium funds concerning the family Orchidaceae of the three largest collections in Lviv, namely Herbarium of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (LW), the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine (LWS), and Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, NAS of Ukraine (LWKS), has been conducted. In general, 4465 herbarium sheets from 19 regions of Ukraine are being kept in the herbaria of Lviv. Most of them are from Lviv (49.6%), Ivano-Frankivsk (17.8%) and Transcarpathian (14.5%) Regions. Taking into consideration the time frame, 612 herbarium sheets (13.7%) have been collected by 1910, 853 (19.1%) – from 1911 to 1960, and 3000 (67.2%) – from 1961 to 2014. Common for the three collections of the family Orchidaceae are 24 genera and 45 species. In total, herbarium collections consist of 34 genera, 141 species and subspecies, representing 27 of 28 genera and 59 (84.3%) of 70 species recorded in recent studies in Ukraine.

Olshanskyi I.G., Shyian N.M., Tarieiev A.S.

TYPES OF BETULA (BETULACEAE) NAMES DESCRIBED FROM UKRAINE, KEPT IN THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF UKRAINE (KW)

The article provides data about authentic materials of Betula (Betulaceae) names described from Ukraine and deposited at the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW). For each taxon, its protologue, synonyms and text of the label are presented. We designate here lectotypes of Betula borysthenica Klokov, B. klokovii Zaverucha, and report the holotype of B. kotulae Zaverucha, and authentic materials of B. klokovii Zaverucha, B. polessica Ivchenko etc.

Gamulya Yu.G.

AUTHENTIC MATERIALS OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS TRAGOPOGON (ASTERACEAE) IN THE HERBARIUM OF V.N. KARAZIN KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (CWU)

The article lists authentic herbarium samples of species of Tragopogon described and studied by I.V. Artemchuk and M.V. Klokov which are deposited in the Herbarium (CWU) of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. In total there are 36 authentic samples including the holotype of Tragopogon borysthenicus Artemczuk as well as 12 paratypes and 23 samples which can also be attributed to authentic materials of the following species: Tragopogon borysthenicus Artemczuk, T. borysthenicus Artemczuk var. macrocarpus Artemcz., T. podolicus (Besser ex DC.) Artemczuk, T. melanantherus Klokov, T. leiorhynchus Klokov, and T. tauricus Klokov.

Shevera M.V.

THE FORGOTTEN UKRAINIAN BOTANIST, OLGA GUSTAVIVNA RADDE-FOMINA (ON THE 140^TH ANNIVERSARY OF HER BIRTH)

The life and scientific career of the Ukrainian botanist O.G. Radde-Fomina (1876-1963), her scientific heritage in systematics, floristics, and history of science are analysed. Based on the autobiography and memoirs of the researcher, new data on the history of the Institute of Botany, NAS Ukraine during the Second World War are presented.

№5 (2016)

Mosyakin A.S.

VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE FLORA OF UKRAINE HIGHLY INVASIVE IN NORTH AMERICA: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

High invasive potential in North America is peculiar to 84 species of vascular plants native to Ukraine (belonging to 38 families and 66 genera), which are recognized as invasive at national (USA and Canada) and regional (states, provinces and territories) levels. The list of taxa has been analyzed from the viewpoint of their geographic distribution (native ranges). By the number of species, elements of the Eurasian group (totally 64 species) dominate: mostly species with wide ranges, representatives of the Eurasian (20 species), European-Western Asian (17 species), and European-Siberian (10 species) elements. Next groups are Ancient Mediterranean (11 species) and European (8 species) ones. These patterns confirm the empirical regularity indicating that the highest invasive potential (especially in transcontinental invasions) is peculiar mainly to species with wide ranges, and areas of primary and secondary parts of the total species range often positively correlate. Exceptions to this rule are species aggregates with active processes of microevolution, involving the formation of local geographical races that sometimes have invasive potentials comparable to those of wide-range species.

Romenska O.V., Netsvetov M.V.

THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON THE AGE STRUCTURE OF ADONIS VOLGENSIS (RANUNCULACEAE) POPULATIONS

The age structure of seventeen populations of Adonis volgensis has been investigated in the steppe plant communities of the South-East of Ukraine (Donetsk Region) under various anthropogenic factors, including grazing and fire. Analysis of the ontogenetic spectra has shown that many individuals in the populations are in reproductive condition. It provides a stable position of the species in the plant communities of the studied territories. However, the impact of grazing and steppe fires affected the age structure of A. volgensis by redistribution of the individuals of different age groups in a population. The initial reaction to moderate anthropogenic stress was ageing of the populations due to dead young conspecifics and increased number of old individuals. Intensification of anthropogenic impacts, such as intensive grazing or the joint action of pyrogenic and pasturable factors, leads to increase in the number of young individuals and activation of restoration processes in A. volgensis populations.

Borysova O.V., Tsarenko P.M., Konishchuk M.O.

MICROALGAE CULTURE COLLECTION (IBASU-A) AS AN OBJECT OF NATIONAL HERITAGE OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the Microalgae Culture Collection (IBASU-A) which is listed as an object of national neritage of Ukraine since 2013. Information on the structure, taxonomic diversity of IBASU-A and conditions of culture preservation is provided. The species composition including some new or rare species of the algal flora of Ukraine and algae with valuable properties for biotechnology are characterized. The IBASU-A collection holds nearly 500 strains of halophilic and freshwater microalgae, 300 of them originated from various regions of Ukraine. IBASU-A is also supplemented with 270 strains of satellite bacteria isolated from algal cultures (overall 1250 units of preservation). This provides reliable material for use both in research and biotechnological studies. A catalogue of the collection was published in 2014. Future plans include the expansion and diversification of the IBASU-A catalogue with an emphasis on rare, endemic and endangered species as well as formation of the database.

Negrash Yu.M., Vorobyov Ye.O.

ECOLOGICAL AND CENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCOPOLIA CARNIOLICA (SOLANACEAE) IN UKRAINE. I. SYNTAXONOMY OF FORESTS WITH SCOPOLIA CARNIOLICA

The syntaxonomic analysis of 94 geobotanical releves of deciduous forests of the Right-Bank Ukraine with a rare species Scopolia carniolica was accomplished. They belong to the class Querco-Fagetea, order Fagetalia sylvaticae, alliances Alnion incanae, Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani, Asperulo-Fagion, Cephalanthero-Fagion, Carpinion betuli, and to 19 associations. Maple-lime-ash forests on stony soils of the alliance Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani are the phytocenological optimum of S. carniolica on study area. In contrast to Central Europe, S. carniolica in Ukraine is not present in heliotermophilic and acidophilic-mesotrophic syntaxa; in contrast to the Caucasus, it is absent in Alnus glutinosa forests.

Pashkevych N.A., Bereznichenko Yu.G.

POPULATION ANALYSIS OF ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS (APIACEAE) UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST ZONE

Coenopopulations of a widespread Eurasian species, Anthriscus sylvestris, were studied in different environmental conditions of the Forest Zone in Ukraine. To investigate structural and functional features of species adaptation, the following model coenopopulations were studied: at the edge of oak forest in Kyiv Region, on disturbed wetland meadow, on ruderal area and in alder thickets in Zhytomyr Region. A morphometric analysis was conducted, account number was recorded, and absolute dry weight of plants in the model areas was determined. The morphometric characters, namely height and weight of plants, number of buds, flowers, seeds, buds diameter, were measured. The level of species variability was defined on the basis of morphometric criteria and phytomass. The highest plant populations are characteristic for open habitats, and the lowest ones were observed in coenopopulations of alder coenosis. In areas with rich soil, the species reaches the greatest biomass and a large number of individuals in the clone. The studied characteristics of coenopopulations are varying from 13 % to 85 %. Accodring to ontogenetic analysis, vegetative individuals prevail over generative in each of the seven model populations. However, total phytomass of generative individuals is higher (for some coenopopulations in several times) than that of pregenerative ones. Correlation analysis showed low levels of interdependencies between the features. The study of A. sylvestris populations allowed to establish biological features of the species in forest area of Ukraine and its adaptation potential. Left-hand ontogenetic spectrum in all model coenopopulations and domination of generative individuals indicate of their invasive nature.

Parpan V.I., Dmytrash-Vatseba I.I.

DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION STATE OF ECHINOPS EXALTATUS (ASTERACEAE) IN SOUTHERN OPILLYA

Twelve new localities of Echinops exaltatus, a species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, were discovered in Southern Opillya. The north-eastern boundary of its range was shifted by 44 km. Echinops exaltatus in Southern Opillya often occurs on wood margins, among shrubs, and in karst funnels. Plants grow in populations at a high density. Usually the population area is small (10-200 m²). Population size varies from tens to thousands of ramets. Mature generative specimens predominate in the majority of populations. Species composition of vegetation, including populations of E. exaltatus, was estimated. Dactylis glomerata and Thalictrum minus were observed most frequently in association with E. exaltatus. Meadow and forest species predominate in the communities; margin species and synanthropes occur less frequently. The morphometric analysis showed that parameter values of individuals were highly variable in different populations depending on eco-coenotic conditions. The vitality analysis reflected the dependence of population vitality type on light conditions. Populations on open areas of forest margins or in karst funnels appeared to be prosperous; on the contrary, populations under tree canopy or among shrubs were depressive. Average seed number per ramet was 816, but more than 26 % of them were damaged by pests. Laboratory germination capacity was only 4-9 %. Therefore despite great yield capacity (a population produces in average 2.4 million seeds), generative renovation of populations is not significant. Localities where E. exaltatus occur are recommended for protection by inclusion to the territory of Halych National Nature Park (Zalistsya parcel; near Korostovychi and Lany villages) and creation of botanical reserve areas (Zhdymyr, Stinka, Hora Khoma).

Danylevska O.M., Futorna O.A.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SEEDS OF THE PEDICULARIS (OROBANCHACEAE) SPECIES IN THE FLORA OF UKRAINE

Seed morphology of 10 species of Pedicularis was studied. Morphological features of seeds (size, shape, surface ultrastructure, cell shape, characters of anticlinal and periclinal cell walls) were investigated and analyzed. Seed morphological characteristics of 10 species of the genus which are present in the Ukrainian flora are described. The two types of ultrastructure (reticulate and rugose) were distinguished. The reticulate type is characterized by the following features: raised, straight, thickened anticlinal walls, flat periclinal walls with granular ultrasculpture. The reticulate type is subdivided into five subtypes: regular reticulate, reticular-foveae, reticular-coliculate, reticular-membranous, reticular-ladder-like. Indistinct cells of the testa and striated-wrinkled ultrasculpture of the periclinal wall are peculiar for the rugose type. These types of seed ultrastructure can be used as additional diagnostic features at the species level.

Vasyuk V.A., Lichnevskiy R.V., Kosakivska I.V.

GIBBERELLIN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN ONTOGENESIS OF THE WATER FERN SALVINIA NATANS (SALVINIACEAE)

The pattern of gibberellin-like substances accumulation and localization in organs of heterosporous annual water fern Salvinia natans at the various stages of ontogenesis was studied. For the first time, gibberellin GA3, which dynamics and localization allow to classify it as ‘working’ gibberellin, was identified in the fern organs using the high-performance chromatography – mass-spectrometry. The largest amount of free GA3 was found in floating fronds while submerged ones showed insignificant accumulations of bound forms. At the stages of sporophyte growth and formation of sporocarps there was observed some increase in bound GA3 forms content. Sporocarp accumulation was characterized by almost a fourfold increase in bound forms content. Predominance of gibberellins free forms over bound ones was reported for all organs and at all phenological phases while submerged fronds contained higer quantities of free forms. Dynamics of changes in gibberellins content in organs of S. natans corresponds with the fern development stages and indirectly indicate that the phytohormone is involved in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes.

Zykova M.O., Dzhagan V.V., Dudka I.O.

THE FIRST DATA ON DISCOMYCETES OF SYNEVYR NATIONAL NATURE PARK

Information about discomycetes of Synevyr National Nature Park (the Ukrainian Carpathians) is given. These fungi are represented there by 39 species, belonging to 26 genera, 11 families, 4 orders (Helotiales, Orbiliales, Pezizales, Rhytismatales), and 3 classes (Leotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes) of Ascomycota. Most of the identified discomycetes are common species in Ukraine; however, four of them (Ascobolus foliicola, Lasiobelonium nidulum, Neodasyscypha cerina, Rutstroemia petiolorum) were known each from a single locality before our study. The article includes a list of the recorded species with brief data about the locality, date of collection, substrate, habitats, IUCN categories in some countries, and general distribution.

Shyian N.M., Boiko G.V.

TYPES OF THE TAXA OF GENUS EUPHORBIA (EUPHORBIACEAE) DESCRIBED FROM UKRAINE, DEPOSITED AT THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF UKRAINE (KW)

An annotated list of type specimens of 12 taxa of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) described from Ukraine and deposited in the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW), the Herbarium of M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany NAS of Ukraine, is given. The following data for each taxon are provided: original nomenclatural citation; type specimen(s) with category indicated according to protologues. In total 14 type specimens were found, including 7 holotypes, 2 isotypes, 2 lectotypes, 1 syntypes, 2 paratypes and 14 specimina authentica.

Didukh Ya.P., Dubyna D.V., Chusova O.O.

CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETATION AND HABITATS: PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, PROSPECTS. THE SECOND UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL CONFERENCE

Results of the Second Ukrainian Scientific-theoretical Conference “Classification of vegetation and habitats of Ukraine as a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation” held on March 14-15, 2016 are presented. The Conference was organized by M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, NAS of Ukraine (Department of Geobotany and Ecology) and the Ukrainian Botanical Society (section of Geobotany and Ecology). There were three main topics of the presentations at the Conference: classification of vegetation of Ukraine in the context of preparation of large-scale classification of vegetation of Europe (EuroChecklist) and the Checklist of vegetation of Ukraine; development of the syntaxonomic database (UkrVeg) as a basis of the vegetation and habitat classification of Ukraine and its integration into European Vegetation Archive (EVA), Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Database (GIVD); habitats of Ukraine, their classification, use in ecological network functioning, biodiversity conservation and counteraction of negative effects on the environment. The conference revealed a number of problems that need to be solved. It is necessary to create a complete database of geobotanical descriptions of vegetation of Ukraine (UkrVeg), which would represent all classes of vegetation and unified key concepts, terms, definitions regarding the habitats and other categories. The Conference adopted a resolution and outlined the main directions of geobotany in Ukraine.

№6 (2016)

Tsarenko O.M., Tsymbalyuk Z.M.

PALYNOMORPHOLOGY PECULIARITES OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS TAMARIX (TAMARICACEAE) REPRESENTED IN THE FLORA OF UKRAINE

Pollen morphology of 6 species of the genus Tamarix was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of the studied species are 3-colpate, sometimes 3-colporate, prolate, spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal, small- and medium-sized, with reticulate exine sculpture. Some of the revealed taxonomically valuable features (size of pollen grains and colpi, particularities characters of exine sculpture) can be used as additional ones for identification at species level. Using palynological data to resolve controversial taxonomic issues in this genus is considered. However, despite similarities in morphological features of pollen grains (size of pollen grains, exine thickness and elements of exine sculpture) of T. odessana and T. ramosissima and differences in these characters of T. hohenackeri and T. smyrnensis, it is difficult to come to conclusions on the species status of T. odessana and, respectively, T. hohenackeri and T. smyrnensis. Their further studies using various methods is required.

Dmytrash-Vatseba I.I., Didukh Ya.P., Shumska N.V.

A NEW P OPULATION OF SESLERIA ULIGINOSA (POACEAE) IN OPILLYA (UKRAINE) AND THREATS OF ITS EXTINCTION

Area, size and age structure of a new population of Sesleria uliginosa found near Pukiv village (Rohatyn District, Ivano-Frankivsk Region) were investigated. Eco-coenotic features of the habitat in Southern Opillya were studied. The population is located on a wetland of a total area about 9 ha in a valley of the Studenyi Potik River tributary. The population occupies an area of 1 ha and is divided into three loci outside of which only single plants occur. Mature generative plants predominate in the population that includes also young generative and pregenerative ones. In some patches on the wetland, Carex davallianа and Сladium mariscus s. l. predominate (species characteristic to Саricion davallianaе), but S. uliginosa grows beyond these patches, in drier conditions. The population of S. uliginosa belongs to communities of Molinion caerulaeae union (Molinietalia order). According to synphytoindication analysis of the communities, Ukrainian populations of S. uliginosa grow outside the climatic optimum that falls on Central Europe. The main threat to populations of S. uliginosa and other rare plant species is probable expansion of Solidago canadensis into the central part of the wetland in case of its reclamation.

Krasova O.O., Korshykov I.I.

COMMUNITY DOMINANTS AND COENOTAXONOMIC RICHNESS OF VEGETATION ON SLOPES OF THE BLACK SEA PART OF THE INGULETS RIVER BASIN

We revealed 40 facultative dominants which are main coenosis originators for natural vegetation of slope ecotopes in the Black Sea part of the Ingulets River catchment area. We provide results of cluster analysis for similarity-dissimilarity of vegetation formations and coenostructures with uncertain syntaxonomic status. The coenostructures with dominance of Galatella villosa, Linum czernjajevii, Marrubium praecox, Pimpinella titanophila, Potentilla incana, Tanacetum millefolium, Ulmus minor are proposed to be considered as such communities where quantity and biomass of “secondary” species (subdominants and assectators) exceed those of “canonized” dominants due to fluctuations. The taxonomic richness of natural vegetation on slopes in this region is presented in prodromus; it consists of 114 associations related to 33 formations, 8 formation classes, 3 vegetation types.

Goncharenko I.V.

APPLICATION OF THE DRSA TECHNIQUE, A NON-PARAMETRIC CLUSTER ANALYSIS, IN VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION

Advantages of the original clustering method of DRSA, or Distance-Ranked Sorting Assembling, for vegetation classification are discussed. Using ranks in determining distances between objects provides robust clustering in case of noisy and heterogeneous phytocoenotic data. Algorithm of objects agglomeration is based on ranking objects by the indices of freeness and connectedness as well as on assessing clusters within k-NN graph’s framework. Clusters are assembled iteratively for some time to be finalized at the maximum of cluster’s connectivity. We also consider in detail approaches to assess classification quality of phytocoenotic dataset including degree of cluster’s (phytocoenon) compactess-distinctness and amount of differential species. We propose using nominal correlation coefficients to evaluate concordance of phytocoenotic classifications and contingency tables to compare frequencies of common releves between different classifications. Phytocoenon’s compactness and distinctness are evaluated using well-known internal cluster validation indices, e.g. silhouette statistics. We introduced CDR-index (compactness / distinctness ratio) which is calculated from the score of average similarity of within-phytocoenon and between-phytocoenons releves. Total amount of faithful (differential) species and average amount of them per phytocoenon as floristic index of partitioning quality were used. We classified differential species on a statistical basis calculating specied-to-cluster fidelity index and selecting species with fidelity above defined fidelity’s threshold. Using the sample phytocoenotic datasets we proved that both internal and floristic indices of classification quality improve after the exclusion of transient releves with ecotonic species composition. In the DRSA method, noise detection is carried out during cluster agglomeration; this objectifies rejecting ecotonic releves according to Braun-Blanquet approach as well as increases amount of differential species and thus improves phytocoenons interpretability.

Pashkevych N.A., Bereznichenko Yu.G.

ECOLOGICAL AND COENOTIC EVALUATION OF HERBACEOUS COMMUNITIES OF ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS (APIACEAE) IN THE FOREST ZONE OF UKRAINE

Anthriscus sylvestris was studied under various environmental conditions of the Forest Zone in Ukraine in order to determine ecological and coenotic features and adaptation potential of the species. Its phytocoenotic type within the study area was established. Anthriscus sylvestris grows in herbaceous communities of two classes, 6 unions and 11 associations. The speсies occurs in the communities of the class Plantaginetea majoris, union Polygonion avicularis, association Plantagini-Lolietum perennis. Additionally, A. sylvestris is also represented in the class Artemisietea, union Arction lappae and two associations, Arctietum lappae and Sambusetum ebuli. The highest coenotic diversity of the communities with A. sylvestris is characteristic for the class Galio-Urticetea, its four unions (Aegopodion podagrariae, Senecionion fluviatilis, Geo urbani-Alliarion petiolatae, Petasition hybridi) and seven associations. The amplitudes of 10 environmental factors for the coenoses involving A. sylvestris were calculated using synphytoindication methods. The amplitude of the majority of parameters is narrow, except for leading factors such as humidity and aeration of the soil, which reflects the potential distribution range of A. sylvestris.

Terlyga N.S.

FEATURES OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PINUS (PINACEAE)

Content of photosynthetic pigments and total water content in tissues of pine needles have been studied in six species of Pinus. The dynamics thereof under different humidity conditions during summer season has been demonstrated. The total pigment content in the species under investigation varied per month (June-August) from 0.83 to 2.60 mg/g of raw substance, with the highest values being recorded for representatives of the Eupitys Spach. section: in June, for P. pallasiana – 1.38 mg/g and P. sylvestris – 1.24 mg/g; in July, P. mugo – 1.45 mg/g of raw substance. With a high amount of rainfall (June), the level of chlorophyll а in the studied species was 1.2 to 2.2 times higher than that found under conditions of prolonged drought (July-August). The maximum values of the total water content of pine needle tissues in all studied species were identified at the high amount of average monthly rainfall. Under significant deficit of rainfall, the maximum decrease in total water content of pine needle tissues and the minimum content of photosynthetic pigments were observed in the needles of P. strobus and P. ponderosa.

Boyko L.I.

FEATURES OF LEAF OF PITTOSPORUM TOBIRA (PITTOSPORACEAE) UNDER DIFFERENT GRОWTH CONDITIONS

The article provides data on anatomical and morphological structure of the leaf blade of Pittosporum tobira. Two types of trichomes on leaf surface are present: branched stretched double-peak and unbranched simple thread-like. Micromorphological study of leaf blade showed that leaves of this species are anisostomatic. Stomata are located randomly. It was revealed that under industrial conditions thickness of an adaxial epiderma slightly increases whereas thickness of an abaxial epiderma and palisade parenchyma decreases (owing to reduced number of parenchyma layers and cell size). The research on pigmentary system in leaves of the species demonstrated content indices of chlorophyll and carotenoids and their quantitative changes under various conditions of cultivation. The chlorophyll a content in the plants, which are grown under industrial conditions, has slightly decreased, while the chlorophyll b content has significantly increased (188% of control). The results of the research show that leaf tomentum amount, number and size of stomata, size of mesophyll cells, and content of photosynthetic pigments are diagnostic features for assessment of plants adaptation opportunities under various conditions of cultivation.

Fostiak T.M., Tasenkevich L.O.

CALLITRICHE COPHOCARPA (PLANTAGINACEAE) IN THE HIGH MOUNTAINS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

Callitriche cophocarpa was found in high mountain waters of the Svydovets Mts. This species has not been listed in the high mountain flora of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The upper elevation limit for the species range was registered at 1577 m a.s.l. in Lake Dogyaska. An updated description of the species and drawings of the main distinguishing features are given.

Heluta V.P., Siahaan S.A.S., Takamatsu S.

ERYSIPHE SYMPHORICARPI (ERYSIPHALES), THE FIRST RECORD IN UKRAINE

A powdery mildew on an ornamental plant Symphoricarpos albus (Caprifoliaceae) was found in Kyiv (Ukraine) in October 2015. The causal agent was mainly in the anamorphic state, but the teleomorph in the form of several fruiting bodies (chasmothecia) were present. Only one of these was almost mature. Its morphology suggested it belonged to the common North American species Erysiphe (Microsphaera) symphoricarpi. Two separate phylogenetic analyses using ITS and 28S rDNA sequences showed that the fungus on S. albus collected in Ukraine grouped with E. symphoricarpi collected in Hungary, UK, and USA with strong bootstrap supports (MP = 100%, ML = 100%). This is the first record of this species in Ukraine. It is assumed that the disease will not have a significant impact on green spaces, because the pathogen develops in late autumn and fruiting bodies are rare.

Blume Ya.B., Barshteyn V.Yu.

PAST AND PRESENT OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW, IN ARTIFACTS

This paper deals with numismatic and philatelic objects related to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Three medals dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks are presented. A portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker is depicted on a Wedgwood medallion. Images of a bronze copy of a medal of the Linnean Society of London awarded to Joseph Dalton Hooker and stamps with his portraits are provided. Art stamps, stamped envelopes, postage sheets and a commemorative coin devoted to the history of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and their collections are described. The paper contains visual information for the history of botany.